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Usted versus el otro: la polarización social en Costa Rica

| Miércoles 28 de Agosto, 2019

Progres, lovers, hatters… desde la campaña presidencial anterior, Costa Rica presenta una división social importante, en especial respecto al plan de Fortalecimiento de las Finanzas públicas, mejor conocido como plan fiscal; ni qué hablar de otros temas como el desfile del Orgullo Gay y la reciente huelga de sectores, la cual desencadenó con la renuncia de Edgar Mora Altamirano al Ministerio de Educación.

Pero si supuestamente somos el país más feliz del mundo, ¿por qué se dan estas divisiones?, Primera Plana conversó con tres expertos que nos ayudarán un poco a explicar las causas de este fenómeno.

El analista político Alonzo Mora Cruz, indicó que esta polarización se debe a los cambios propuestos en el tema fiscal y educativo. Sin embargo, la insatisfacción social que se vive en ciertos lugares, como por ejemplo en Limón, viene desde muchos años atrás. Asimismo, comentó que el descontento con la clase política es significativo, ya que los niveles de intolerancia social han aumentado y esta situación hace impopular a cualquier gobernante.

Religión y derechos humanos son dos bombas de tiempo que levantan demasiadas pasiones, y también es el caballito de batalla últimamente de los políticos. Para Mora, esta ha sido la polarización: “partidos religiosos vs Partido Acción Ciudadana (derechos de inclusión) que se sobresaltan al no haber satisfacción de otras demandas sociales”.

El experto asegura que los sindicatos han perdido credibilidad, sus líderes tradicionales sufren de desgaste y los sectores ganadores serán aquellos que puedan no solo negociar sus demandas puntuales, sino también establecer canales de seguimiento.

 

Analizando más allá

El sociólogo Alejandro Alvarado Alcázar, señaló que hay tres factores fundamentales para explicar lo que está sucediendo: el primero de ellos es de orden económico, relacionado principalmente con la creciente desigualdad socioeconómica en el país; el segundo, político, referido a la pérdida de legitimidad de la política tradicional y de las instituciones que la representan.

Y, finalmente, uno cultural, relacionado con un proceso de cambio social que ha trastocado el orden cultural hegemónico, en especial en el género, la sexualidad y las creencias religiosas.

De acuerdo con Alvarado, Costa Rica es un país con un crecimiento sostenido de desigualdad: “este proceso ha derribado uno de los mitos centrales que estructuran a la sociedad costarricense que es el de una sociedad de ´igualiticos/as´.  Sumado a esto, los porcentajes de pobreza y pobreza extrema se han mantenido casi inalterados durante las últimas dos décadas, lo cual ha generado una situación de marginación de una parte considerable de la población”, expresó.

Por su parte, el antropólogo Douglas Garro Salazar expresó que lo que hay en la sociedad es básicamente un distanciamiento entre la realidad y la conciencia que se debería tener sobre ella, en función de interacciones respetuosas de derechos humanos.

Según Garro, no sorprende que el tico se involucre de manera tan apasionada, ya que, entre los placeres a experimentar como humanos, está el sentimiento de pertenencia, esto porque desde siempre hemos tendido a ser gregarios.

Si usted leía los comentarios en las redes sociales, algunas personas de ambos bandos emitían argumentos poco razonables al defender el por qué apoyaban la causa, según Alvarado, los seres humanos no son sujetos meramente racionales, sino que las emociones participan de sus decisiones y el problema fundamental reside en la instrumentación de las emociones con fines políticos y los diferentes sectores recurren constantemente a ellas como una forma de generar identificación con sus causas.

“En las movilizaciones actuales hay un fuerte componente emocional que no debe descartarse en el sentido de considerarse como impulsos irracionales, sino que debe tratar de entenderse en el marco de escenarios de conflicto que hacen que las personas se movilicen”, manifestó Alejandro Alvarado.

“Apoyar una causa requiere el involucramiento emocional. El razonamiento tras el cual una persona apoya una determinada causa, independientemente de si posee elementos precisos sobre la realidad en cuestión, afectará sus emociones generándole tristeza, felicidad, ira, indignación o incluso una mezcla de estas u otras posibles manifestaciones de lo que podamos catalogar como alteraciones del ánimo”.

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